SỬ DỤNG DISCOURSE MARKERS
Discourse markers là các từ, cụm từ, hay lối biểu đạt có chức năng trong việc liên kết các ý trong lời nói, sắp xếp và phát triển ý, hoặc thể hiện thái độ, suy nghĩ của người nói. Đôi khi “discourse markers” cũng được sử dụng trong lời nói với chắc năng lấp đầy các khoảng ngập ngừng trong lời nói.
Dưới đây là một số discourse markers thường được sử dụng trong văn nói.
by the way (incidentally)
Used to introduce a new subject to be considered or to provide further information:
I think we've discussed all important point - by the way, what time is it?
Oh, by the way, my name is Nam.
anyway (in any case)
Often used in conversations to return to an earlier subject, or get to the most interesting point:
Anyway, as I said, I'll be away next month.
Anyway, in the end I didn't wear your coat.
as I was saying
Used to return to an earlier subject in the conversation after an interruption.
As I was saying, we could get up early and spend the whole day there.
after all
Used to add a point that supports or explains what you have just said, or to say that something is true despite what is believed or said.
I might understand him better than anyone else; after all, he is my husband.
He is not such a bad player after all.
at least
Used to introduce positive information when something negatives are being dicussed.
A large number of people got injured in the accident, but at least nobody died.
besides
Used to add additional information (informal)
I feel it’s a wonderful book; besides, it’s very cheap.
obviously
Used to introduce a fact that can be easily seen or understood.
Obviously, without money it’s harder to have a comfortable life.
basically
Used to introduce the most important point of something.
Basically, what we do here is produce furniture for bedrooms.
on the other hand
Used to introduce a contrasting idea. It can be preceded by on the one hand:
On the one hand, tourism can make a visible contribution to the development of economy. But on the other hand, it may have some destructive influence on the local environment.
whereas
We use whereas to compare and contrast two things or ideas.
John’s sister is very good at Maths whereas he is excellent at Spanish. .